Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separations. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser)food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friends die.
Pigs respond meaningfully to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O’s. Then the team switched from real-life objects to a T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs ventured only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not-inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, cetaceans(鲸目动物)too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a perspective shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of “food animals” bring an ethical revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will the breadth of our ethic start to catch up with the breadth of our science? Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make change in who we eat?
1. According to Annie Potts, hens’ choice of a later and better reward indicates their ability of ______.
A. social interaction
B. facial recognition
C. logical reasoning
D. mutual learning
2. The expression “not-inconsiderable feat” (Para.3)shows what pig can do is ______.
A. extraordinary
B. weird
C. unique
D. understandable
3. What is Paragraph4 mainly about?
A. The similarities between mammals and humans.
B. The necessity of long-term studies no mammals.
C. A change of public attitude to the treatment of mammals.
D. A new discovery of how mammals think and feel.
4. What is the author’s view on eating “food animals”?
A. He regrets eating them before.
B. He considers eating them justifiable.
C. He is not concerned about the issue.
D. He calls for a change in what we eat.
5. What is the best title for the passage?
A. In Praise of Food Animals
B. Food Animals in Science Reports
C. The Inner Lives of food animals
D. Food Animals: past, present and future
1. 【答案】 C
【考点】 细节推断
【分析】问题问按照安妮·波茨的观点,母鸡选择稍后更好的奖励表明它们具有什么能力。我们可以在文章第二段找到相关内容:正如坎特伯雷大学的安妮·波茨所指出的那样,即使分离了几个月,小鸡也可以在100只小鸡中分辨并认出熟悉的面孔来。让鸡解决问题时,它们会推理:那些接受过选择彩色按钮训练的母鸡有时会选择放弃即刻 (较小)的食物奖励,而选择稍微晚一点(更好)的奖励。由此我们可以判断出安妮·波茨认为母鸡具有推理能力。所以,本题的正确答案是C,逻辑推理。
【误项排除】选择项A:社会互动;B:面部识别;D:互相学习;这三个答案与母鸡对奖励做出先后选择没有关系,均为干扰项。
2. 【答案】 A
【考点】 词语含义
【分析】问题问第三段的
词组not-inconsiderable feat表明猪能做的事情是怎样的。根据双重否定相当于肯定的规律,not-inconsiderable的意思是considerable的意思,即:相当大的;相当多的;可观的;重大的,重要的;值得考虑的,值得注意的;显著的。由此我们可以选出正确答案应为A,超常的,非凡的,异乎寻常的,显著的。
【误项排除】选择项B:怪异的,不可思议的,超自然的;C:独特的,独一无二的;D:可以理解的,可以了解的,无可厚非的;这三个答案都不符合原文内容,均为干扰项。
3. 【答案】 C
【考点】 段落大意
【分析】问题问第四段主要讲了什么。文章第四段指出:很快,我认识到和我们的近亲一样, 鲸目动物也是文化学习的大师,而大象会与其社会同伴一起表达深深的喜悦和悲哀。对这些哺乳动物的长期野外研究有助于我们社会的观念转变:公众不再那么容易接受强迫猴子在实验室里经受痛苦的过程、大象被迫在马戏团里的表演和海豚被关在主题公园里的小贮水池里的境遇了。根据这些信息,我们可以总结归纳出本段主要是介绍通过对哺乳动物的研究和了解,人类会转变社会观念,公众不再接受各种强迫动物的事情了。因此,本题的正确答案是C,公众对待哺乳动物的态度的转变。
【误项排除】选择项A:人类和哺乳动物之间的相似处;B:长期研究哺乳动物的必要性;D:哺乳动物如何思考和感觉的新发现;这几个答案都不是本段的主要内容,均为干扰项。
4. 【答案】 D
【考点】 观点推断
【分析】问题问作者关于吃“食物动物”的观点是什么。利用查阅式阅读,我们可以在第五段中找到相关信息:然而,随着时间的推移,随着我开始进一步扩大并探讨鱼、鸡、猪、山羊和牛的内心生活,我开始怀疑:“食物动物”这门新科学是否会给我们的饮食带来一场道德革命?换句话说,我们的道德的广度是否会开始赶上我们的科学的广度? 而最后一段指出:当然,动物维权人士已经在那里承诺不吃这些动物。但是我们其他人呢?关注这些动物的思想和感觉会导致我们改变我们的饮食吗? 由此,我们可以推断出作者对吃“食物动物”的观点是否定的,认为这么做会违背道德,人们应该改变饮食,不吃这些动物。所以,本题的正确答案应该是D,他呼吁改变我们的饮食。
【误项排除】选择项A:他后悔以前吃过这些东西;原文没有提及。B:他认为吃这些“食物动物”是合理的;与原文内容不符。C:他不关心这个问题;与原文作者的观点明显相反。所以这三个答案均为干扰项。
5. 【答案】 C
【考点】 最佳标题
【分析】文章的最佳标题是什么。通读全文,我们可以看出文章首先指出科学终于开始接纳那些长期以来被认为是二等公民的动物。接着作者通过两个大学的科研人员对鸡和猪的观察研究详细介绍了鸡和猪都有识别、判断、决定和推理的能力。最后作者提出鲸目动物和哺乳动物也有类似的思想和感觉,由此引出令人深思的问题:“食物动物”这门新科学是否会给我们的饮食带来一场道德革命? 关注这些动物的思想和感觉会导致我们改变我们的饮食吗? 由此我们可以看出文章主要围绕动物也会思考、也有感觉、有识别判断和推理的能力来展开的。所以,本题的正确答案是C,食物动物的内心世界。
【误项排除】选择项A:对食物动物的赞美,文中没有提到;B:科学报告中的食物动物,不符合原文内容;D:食物动物:过去、现在和未来,与原文主要内容不符;因此,这三个答案均是干扰项。
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