【导读】2018年研究生英语考试已经结束,很多考生第一时间就想看看自己的考试答案是否正确,怀着紧张和激动的心情去对答案,那么接下来小编就为大家呈现2018年硕士研究生考试英语(一)真题(含中文翻译)及附答案详解,请看如下内容:
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21.Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
25.In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
文字2
哈佛大学的一项新调查发现,超过三分之二的年轻美国人不赞成特朗普总统使用Twitter。其含义是,千禧一代喜欢白宫的消息通过其他渠道过滤,而不是总统的社交媒体平台。
大多数美国人依靠社交媒体来检查每日头条新闻。然而,随着对所有媒体的不信任,人们可能开始提高媒体素养。这种趋势是非常需要的。根据牛津大学的统计,在2016年总统竞选期间,密歇根州政治危机状态的Twitter用户分享的近四分之一的网络内容是假消息。而对BuzzFeed新闻进行的一项调查发现,44%的Facebook用户很少或从不相信媒体巨头的消息。
身为数字土着的年轻人的确在网络空间中将事实与虚构分离的技巧确实更加熟练。Knight基金会针对14至24岁年轻人的焦点小组调查发现,他们使用“分布式信任”来验证故事。他们交叉检查消息来源,并从不同的角度来看新闻,特别是那些对任何偏见持开放态度的消息。调查总结说:“许多年轻人在教育自己和积极寻求反对意见方面承担了很大的个人责任。
这种积极的研究可以有另一个效果。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校在2014年对澳大利亚,英国和美国进行的调查发现,年轻人对社交媒体的依赖导致了更多的政治参与。
社交媒体可以让用户更亲密和立即地体验新闻事件,同时也允许他们重新分享新闻,作为他们价值观和兴趣的投影。这迫使用户更加意识到他们在传递信息方面的作用。巴尔纳研究小组的一项调查发现,美国人为假新闻现象提供的最主要原因是“读者错误”,而不是编造的故事或报道中的事实错误。大约三分之一的人认为虚假新闻的问题在于通过社交媒体“误解或夸大实际新闻”。换句话说,在社交媒体上分享新闻的选择可能是问题的核心。Barna Group主编Roxanne Stone表示:“这表明在解决这个问题方面有真正的个人责任。
因此,当年轻人批评总裁过度推特时,他们在思维技能方面表现出一种心理规范 - 并且选择何时分享社交媒体。
26.根据第1款和第2款,许多年轻的美国人对此表示怀疑
[A]新闻过滤实践的理由。
[B]人们对社交媒体平台的偏好。
[C]主管部门处理信息的能力。
[D]社交媒体是一个可靠的消息来源。
27.“beer up”(第2行,第2段)与“
[A]锐化
[B]定义
夸耀
[D]分享
28.据骑士基金会调查,年轻人
[A]倾向于在网络空间中表达他们的意见。
通过参考不同的资源来验证新闻。
[C]有强烈的责任感。
[D]喜欢就“分布式信托”交换意见
29. Barna的调查发现,假新闻问题的主要原因是
[A]读者过时的价值观。
[B]记者偏袒的报道
读者的误解
记者编造的故事。
30.以下哪一项是文本的最佳标题?
[A]在网上分享新闻的关键技巧的崛起
[B]反对过度推特趋势的反击
[C]相互信任在社交媒体上的积累。
[D]投射个人兴趣的平台。
文字3
对英国国民健康服务(NHS)和DeepMind之间的交易的危险性进行公平的评估,必须首先承认双方都意味着好。DeepMind是全球领先的人工智能(AI)公司之一。这项工作应用于医疗领域的潜力非常大,但也可能导致科技巨头进一步集中力量。正是在这种背景下,信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆(Elizabeth Denham)对NHS下的皇家免费医院信托公司(Royal Free hospital trust)发出了有害的判决,该信件向DeepMind交付了160万患者的记录。根据一个模糊的协议对于患者的权利和对隐私的期望的描述太少了。
DeepMind几乎已经道歉了。国民保健服务的信任已经改变了方式。NHS和DeepMind之间的进一步安排 - 可能会有很多 - 将被仔细审查,以确保所有必要的权限已被问及患者,并清除了所有不必要的数据。有关于知情患者同意学习的经验教训。但隐私并不是在这种情况下唯一的角度,甚至不是最重要的。Denham女士选择把责任归咎于NHS信任,因为根据现有的法律,它“控制”了数据,而DeepMind只是“处理”了数据,但是这种区别错过了它正在处理和聚合的观点,而不是仅仅拥有位,这给出了数据的价值。
最重要的问题是,谁应该从分析我们现在生活的所有数据中受益。隐私法基于对个人的可识别知识的损害概念。这忽略了监视经济的运作方式。一个人的数据只有在与无数的数据相比较时才能获得其价值。
在这种情况下,利用隐私法遏制科技巨头感觉有点不适应。这种做法没有解决真正的担心。仅仅说DeepMind算法的开发将使患者受益并挽救生命是不够的。重要的是,它们将属于利用公共资源发展起来的私人垄断。如果软件承诺在现在挖掘的规模上挽救生命,那么大数据可能会像一个大制药公司那样行事。我们还处于这场革命的开始阶段,现在的小选择可能会在后来产生巨大的后果。为了避免数字封建的未来,需要进行长期的斗争。德纳姆女士的报告是一个受欢迎的开始。
NHS和DeepMind之间的协议是否正确?
[A]它引起了科技巨头之间的冲突。
[B]没有重视病人的权利。
[C]没有达到后者的预期
[D]它使双方陷入危险的境地。
32. NHS信托回应Denham的判决
[A]空洞的承诺。
[B]强大的抵抗力。
[C]必要的调整。
[D]诚挚的道歉。
33.提交人在第2段中指出
[A]隐私保护必须不惜一切代价保证。
[B]泄露患者的数据比销售更差。
[C]从病人的数据中获利是非法的。
[D]数据的价值来自于它的处理
根据最后一段,这笔交易的真正担忧是
[A]大药方之间的恶性竞争。
[B]隐私法的无效执行。
新的软件的不受控制的使用。
[D]科技巨头对大数据的垄断。
作者对医疗保健应用的态度是
[A]含糊不清。
[B]谨慎。
[C]欣赏。
[D]轻蔑。
文本4
美国邮政局(USPS)继续流血红墨。它报告2016财年净亏损56亿美元,连续第10年超出收入。同时,它有超过1200亿美元的无资金负债,主要是为了员工健康和退休成本。有很多破产。从根本上说,美国邮政总局正在对技术变革进行历史性的挤压,技术变革永远减少对其面包和黄油产品,一流邮件的需求,以及一个管理层拒绝管理层灵活调整业务以适应新现实的管理结构
和利益集团,从邮政工会问候卡厂商会对自利的压力USPS的最终监工,国会坚持,无论什么事情发生的邮政服务,它们依赖于得到保护现状的方面。这就是近年来反复尝试改革立法失败的原因,除了推迟至关重要的现代化以外,邮政部门不能付账。
现在听说,所有涉及的人---民主党人,共和党人,邮政局,工会和系统最重的用户 - 终于同意了修复这个系统的计划。立法正在通过议会,这将节省美国邮政五年估计为286亿美元,这可能有助于支付新车,除其他生存措施。大部分资金将来自每分钱一分钱的永久性费率上涨,以及将邮政退休人员转为医疗保险。后一步将在很大程度上抵消每年预先资助退休人员医疗保健的经济负担,从而解决USPS及其工会的长期投诉。
如果这个议会通过了这个议会,这个措施还是要通过参议院 - 那里有人必然会指出,这是保持邮政局的稳定,最低限度的必要条件,而不是全面的改革。美国邮政的集体谈判没有任何改变,这是一个重大的漏报,考虑到人员占该机构成本的80%。还缺少任何关于消除星期六信件交付的讨论。这种常识性的变化得到了广泛的公众支持,每年将节省USPS 20亿美元。但邮政特殊利益集团似乎至少在议会中杀死了这个集团。围绕法案形成的共识是一个迹象,立法者正在惊慌在美国邮政短暂的政治尴尬短期崩溃。但是,这不是,
美国邮政的财务问题部分是由美国银行造成的
[一个]。其不平衡的预算。
[B]严格的管理。
[C]技术升级的成本。
[d]。撤出银行的支持。
37.根据第2款,美国邮政没有自行更新
[一个]。来自利益集团的干涉。
[B]国会提供的资金不足。
邮政服务需求的萎缩。
[D]。邮政工会的无能。
美国邮政及其工会长期以来的抱怨可以通过
[A]。撤销退休人员医疗保健的负担。
[B]增加对新车的投资。
[C]采用新的加息机制。
[d]。吸引更多一流的邮件用户。
39.在最后一段,提交人似乎认为立法者是
尊重。
[B]宽容。
不满。
[D]感谢。
40.下列哪一项是文本的最佳标题?
[A]。美国邮政开始错过美好的旧时光
[B]。邮政服务:远离我的奶酪
[C]。美国邮政:慢性疾病需要快速治疗
[D]。邮政服务需要的不仅仅是一种创可贴
B部分
路线:
以下段落的顺序是错误的。对于问题41-45,您需要将这些段落重新组织成一个连贯的文章,从AG列表中选择并填入数字框中。C和F段已正确放置。在答题纸上标记你的答案。(10分)
答:1869年12月,国会任命了一个委员会来选择一个地点,并为新的国务院大楼编制计划和费用估算。委员会还考虑了战争和海军部门的可能安排。一些希望在白宫另一边架设希腊复兴双胞胎大厦的人感到惊骇,选择了Alfred Mullett精心设计的法国第二帝国风格的设计,并建造了一座建筑物来容纳所有三个部门始于1871年6月。
B. 1875年完工,国务院南翼是第一个被占领的,其高雅的四层图书馆(1876年建成),外交接待室和装饰有雕刻木材,东方地毯和钢板墙纹的秘书办公室。1879年,海军部迁入东翼,在这里精心制作的墙壁和天花板上印有泥纹和镶嵌地板,以此来装饰局长的办公室。
C.最初所知的国家,战争和海军大楼是在19世纪最后25年和20世纪第一个季度与制定和执行国家外交政策密切相关的三个行政部门美国成为国际大国的时期。这座大楼中安置了一些最重要的外交官和政治家,并成为许多历史事件的舞台。
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E.艾森豪威尔行政办公大楼(EEOB)在美国的国家历史和建筑遗产中占有独特的地位。由财政部监督建筑师阿尔弗雷德·马利特(Alfred B. Mullett)设计,由1871年至1888年建造,以容纳国家,战争和海军部门不断增长的人员,被认为是法国第二帝国建筑的最好例子之一国家。
楼建设花了17年,因为这个建筑慢慢翼起翅膀。当EEOB完成时,它是华盛顿最大的办公大楼,有近2英里的黑白瓷砖走廊。几乎所有的内部细节都是铸铁或石膏; 尽量减少木材的使用,以确保消防安全。八座巨大的花岗岩弯曲的楼梯,有四千多个独立铸造的青铜栏杆,由四个天窗圆顶和两个彩色玻璃圆顶覆盖。
G. EEOB的历史早在奠定基础之前就已经开始了。第一个行政办公室建于1799年至1820年之间。一系列的火灾(包括英国人在1814年制定的火灾)和过度拥挤的条件导致了现有的财政大楼的建设。1866年,建筑北楼的财政大楼需要拆除国务院大楼。
41.àCà42。à43.àFà44à45。
C部分
路线:
仔细阅读以下内容,然后将加下划线的部分翻译成中文。你的翻译应该整齐地写在答题纸上。(10分)
莎士比亚的一生与戏剧中的一段非凡的活动和成就相吻合。到他出生的那一天,欧洲正在目睹宗教戏剧的消逝,在古典悲剧和喜剧的激励下创造出新的形式。这些新形式最初主要是由学者撰写,由业余爱好者表演,但在英国,与西欧其他地方一样,一类职业演员的成长威胁着戏剧的流行,无论是新的还是旧的,古典的或中世纪的,文学的或是滑稽的。法院,业余学校组织和旅行演员都是提供广泛的戏剧性娱乐欲望的对手。
当莎士比亚十二岁时,第一家公共剧场在伦敦建成。有一段时间文献显示对这个公共舞台没有兴趣。旨在为学校或法院写作的文学作品,或者为圣保罗和皇家礼拜堂的合唱团男孩而作,但是在公开场合和在法庭上作戏剧。(48)但是专业公司却在永久性剧院,具有文学野心的大学生迅速转向这些剧院提供谋生手段。莎士比亚二十五岁的时候,莉莉,皮尔和格林曾经制作过喜剧和文学的喜剧,基德写了一个悲剧,拥挤在坑里。马洛已经把诗歌和天才带到了共同的舞台上 - 自从欧里庇得斯去世以来,他们一直没有参与。
伊丽莎白时代戏剧未来二十五年的发展,对于文学史的学生来说是非常有意义的,因为在这短暂的时期里,我们可以追溯许多戏剧的开始,发展,开花和衰落,事业。今天,我们惊讶于剧本的数量,以及同时为伦敦的二十万居民写剧本的剧作家数目。(50)为了认识戏剧活动有多伟大,我们必须进一步记住戏剧的东西已经失去了,可能没有一个作者注意到整个作品已经存活了。
第三节写作
A部分
51.路线:
给所有在校的国际专家发邮件邀请他们参加毕业典礼。在您的电子邮件中,您应该包括有关仪式的时间,地点和其他相关信息。
你应该在“答题纸”上整整写上100个单词
不要在电子邮件的末尾使用自己的名字。用“李明”代替。(10分)
B部分
52.路线:
根据下面的图片写一篇160-200字的短文。在你的文章中,你应该
注意:英语试卷为花卷,以答案内容进行核对
Section I Use of English
1、【答案】[B] for
【解析】此处考察介词的用法。it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说,信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。B选项for(对...来说)符合语义,故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于),C选项like(像...),D选项on(关于)语义不恰当,故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith
【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。第一段首句提出主题句:trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明:On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面,信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件,比如照看孩子,友谊等),这句话在说信任的好处。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面,把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...),显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”,只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现,故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。第一段首句提出主题句:trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明:On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面,信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件,比如照看孩子,友谊等),这句话在说信任的好处。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high____. (另一方面,把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...),显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”,并且根据空格所在句中的关键词“wrong place”,本句应该在说信任不当的弊端,所以空格处应该填入一个负向感情色彩的词,故A选项benefit和D选项hope排除,而C选项debt(债务)带入之后语义不当,故正确答案为[B] price(代价)。
4、【答案】[D] Then
【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。上段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题:“_____我们为什么要信任”。只有D选项then(那么)填入后能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系。故正确答案为D then(那么)。A选项again(再次)表示强调;B选项instead(但是、然而)表示转折;C选项therefore(因此)表示结果,不符合要求,故排除。
5、【答案】[A] When
【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。空格所在句含义为:______人们信任一个人或一个组织机构,他们的大脑会释放催产素。只有A选项when(当..时候)填入后符合逻辑要求,故正确答案为A选项when。其他三个选项B选项unless(如果不)表条件,C选项although(尽管)表让步,D选项until(直到...)表时间,带入后均语义不通顺,故排除。
6、【答案】[C] produce
【解析】此处考察动宾搭配问题。上文指出:When people place their trust in an …their brains release oxytocin, a hormone.上文指出当人们产生信任感,大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙,后面是定语从句,句内的动宾搭配, 可推知这个荷尔蒙能产生令人愉悦的情绪, 并且与后面的trigger同义复现,因此C .produce 正确。
7、【答案】[A] connect
【解析】此处考察上下文信息照应题。上文讲到这种荷尔蒙能够激发一种群居本能,the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and promote …with one another,这种本能有两个作用,并用and 连接,所以复现同义and 前面的flock together. 因此选择A. connect
8、【答案】[B] to
【解析】此处考察上下语境下的名词介词搭配问题。根据上文的结论,下文实验展开分析,Swiss scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us….所以研究中要求受试者要先处于这种环境中,所以名词exposure to 构成搭配语义关系,表示“接触”的意思,因此选择to。
9、【答案】[D] mood
【解析】此处考察上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文提到身体会产生荷尔蒙,会给你带来一种愉悦的情绪pleasurable feelings,这个上文结论。实验中exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting …,因此,根据上下文,试验中,处于这种荷尔蒙环境中,会给人带来情绪;语气;心境;。因此选择 mood。
10、【答案】[A] counterparts
【解析】此处考察上下文的信息对应和句内信息对应。上文指出,In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ,可推知本句再讲与另外一组受试者比较。故选择A。counterparts. 相对物,相对应的人。
11、【答案】[C] Lucky
【解析】此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。因为这个句子当中有个词also,说明前文和后文情感是一致的关系。说我们有这两种天赋,对大家来说都是好事,所以需要选择一个正向的情感色彩。只能选择lucky。A选项odd 奇怪的是,B选项funny 有趣的是,D选项ironic 讽刺的是,皆不符合文意。
12、【答案】[A] protect
【解析】此处考察上下文的成分搭配。因为这个句子当中有个词also,说明前文和后文情感是并列平行关系,前后情感应该一致。所以此处只能选择protect 保护我们,符合文意。B选项delight 使高兴; C 选项 surprise 使震惊;D选项monitor 监控皆不符合文意。
13、【答案】[D] between
【解析】此处考察固定搭配。differentiate between A and B. 介词between表示在A和B之间 , 原文含义为:“4个月大的孩子可以区分出一个可信的人和一个不诚实的人”。
14、【答案】[C] introduced
【解析】此处考察成分搭配。原文表达: Sixty toddlers were each______ to an adult tester holding a plastic container. 只有C选项be introduced to sth表示“初次认识某事物”,符合文意。A 选项added 添加;B选项transferred转移;D选项 entrusted 委托,皆不符合文意。
15、【答案】[B] inside
【解析】此处考察介词搭配及词义复现。原文表达:“What’s in here?” before looking into the container…… Each subject was then invited to _________. 只有选择B选项inside 才能和前文所表达的in here和looking into一脉相承。
16、【答案】[D] discovered
【解析】此处考察词义复现,属于句子内部的显性线索。根据原文Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty… 这是用分号并列的连个句子,都是在讲试验的结果句型结构基本一致,前半句再讲一半的受测者在盒子里面找到了玩具,后半句肯定是再说另半会怎么样,两个小分句的结构基本一致Half of them = the other half,found=16,a toy= the container was empty,所以16题填入的应该是found的同义词,发现的含义,故D为正确选项。
17、【答案】[A] fooled
【解析】此处句间逻辑关系,属于句子内部的显性线索。—and realized the tester had 17 them,此句位于破折号后面,是对前面意思的解释说明。前面提到另一半人发现盒子是空的,并且意识到测试者对他们怎么样,既然盒子是空的那么肯定认识到测试者是在戏弄他们,所以作对此题必须要理解tester测试者是主语,宾语是them指的是受测者,主语的意思决定了谓语动词的含义为戏弄,故A fooled为正确选项。
18、【答案】[B] willing
【解析】 此处考察搭配关系,属于句子内部的显性线索。Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 根据句子结构我们可以看出逗号之前是一个介词短语意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面,大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试者的合作是怎么样的,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership表明这些孩子信任他的领导,所以既然信任他们就是愿意与其合作,故选择B. willing,与were willing to 构成固定搭配,意为愿意。
19、【答案】[D] In contrast
【解析】此处考察句间的逻辑关系。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity. 通过该句中的only仅仅,可以看出与上文的 the majority of 形成鲜明的对比,19题应该填入的应该是表示转折,与上文形成对比的逻辑关系词。分析四个选项A表示总结,B表示结果,C表示举例子,只有D表示转折,对比,故D为正确选项。
20、【答案】[C] unreliable
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.该句含义为:在接下来的活动中30个孩子中只有5个孩子与。。。样的测试者能合作,所以结合上文提到的大部分孩子信任测试者,但是5/30属于一小部分,大部分对应的是信任,那么小比例的对应的是不信任,所以 tester的修饰词应该为C,unreliable不可靠的,不可信任的,故C为正确选项。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21、【答案】D Middle-class workers
【解析】根据题干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句“the annoyi-ng challenge facing the middle class is one that...for their jobs”中的challenge和第二段的最后三句话,可以得知相对于低收入者和富人,中产阶级受到的冲击最大。
22、【答案】C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
【解析】根据题干可定位到第三段中的首句“this isn’t to be alarmist”和末句“But ... middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting”,but转折句再一次强调了作者的观点,即中产阶级工人需要很多帮助来调整应对问题。同时,末句中”may need a lot of help”同义替换成选项C中的“need to be tackled”,自动化带来的问题需要被解决,得出C答案。
23、【答案】A creative potential
【解析】根据题干中的关键词可定位到第四段第二句“Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication”。由该句可知,课程应该更关注创造性和复杂的沟通而非记忆事实。所以,应该选C选项creative potential(创造潜能),同义替换为creativity。
24、【答案】D preventing the income gap from widening
【解析】该题考查作者的观点,根据题干中的关键词可定位到第六段第一句“Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought”。由该句可知,由于自动化加大了资本收入和劳动力收入的差距,所以应该重新考虑税收和安全网(保障措施),即税收政策应该避免收入差距扩大,选D选项preventing the income gap from widening。
25、【答案】B possible solutions to it
【解析】作者在文章第一、二段提出问题“中产阶级受自动化危害最大”之后,第三段的末尾句提出中产阶级需要帮助去适应自动化的发展,接下来第四段至第六段介绍解决方法,最后一段表明作者观点。所以应该选B 选项possible solutions to it(解决问题的相应方法)。
Text 2
26、【答案】[D] social media as a reliable source of news
【解析】双段推理题。根据题目定位到第1段和第2段,双段推理优先考虑双段主旨。第一段中心句为最后一句话:Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a president’s social media platform。“千禧一代喜欢白宫直接发布的消息…而不是总统社交媒体发布的信息”,说明他们不太信任社交媒体。第2段中心为第二句转折之后,说明对于社交媒体的不信任上升。故双段中心都和他们不信任社交媒体相关。结合以上信息,得出社交媒体信息不可靠,选择D。
27、【答案】[A] sharpen
【解析】词汇释义题。根据题目定位到第2段第2句:Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills。句子的情感色彩判断,因为逗号前提到“人们对于所有媒体的不信任增加”,可以推知人们应该开始增强其媒体素养的技能,故选A。
28. 【答案】B verify news by referring to diverse sources.
【解析】范例证明题。根据题干定位至第三段第二句话。因为某项研究一般是论据证明前面的论点,故答案应该位于第一句话“Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at seperating fact from fiction in cyberspace.” 说明答案应该“和年轻人更容易把网络中的事实和虚假信息区分开来”,故答案为B“验证新闻的真伪”。为了精确可以在论据中去验证,论据中提到“verify stories”, “cross check sources”和“prefer news from different perspectives”,都是和多重角度验证信息真伪相关的。
29. 【答案】C readers’ misinterpretation
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位至第五段第三句found之后a main reason对应the top reason,而原文剩余信息为“reader error”, 所以应该和读者相关。Error应该对应misinterpretation, 故答案为C readers’ misinterpretation。若本句不清晰,下句进一步说明答案的内容,文中misintepretation or exerggeration of actual news进一步印证C为正确答案。
30. 【答案】A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
【解析】全文主旨题。本篇文章属于篇首转折,二段转折之后为全文主旨,yet之后说道:“Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be strarting to beef up their media literacy skills”.“随着对于所有媒体不信任的上升,人们开始增强其媒体素养的技能”,故答案为A。为了验证,可以看篇末,篇末重申主题,so之后讲道“so when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reaveal a mental discipline in thinking skills-and in their choices on when to share on social media.” 更进一步说明和人们批判性看待社交媒体上的新闻相关。
Text 3
31、【答案】[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的NHS, DeepMind和agreement回文定位第一段第四句“It is against that background that the information commissioner, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy”。根据a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy这一部分的语义信息,说明NHS与DeepMind之间的协议没有充分考虑到病人的权利与隐私。这句话的言外之意就是协议未能充分关注病人的权利。故确定答案为选项B,其中failed to是took far too little account的同义改写。
32、【答案】[C] necessary adjustments.
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的NHS trust, 以及Denham’s verdict回文定位第二段第二句“The NHS trust has mended its ways.” 根据第二句的语义信息,NHS trust针对Denham’s verdict已经调整了其与DeepMind的协议内容,故通过同义替换,可确定正确答案为C。
33、【答案】[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it.
【解析】推理题。根据题干,此题定位在第二段最后一句but之后的转折句。“But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives data value”. 这种区分忽视了一个点:是处理和收集赋予数据意义,而不是拥有数据。 选项中的 “processing”和原文中的“processing”原词复现。 选项中的“the value of data”对应原文中的“data value”。因此,D项为正确答案。
34、【答案】[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
【解析】细节题。根据题干此题定位在文中最后一段的第四句。“What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.”重要的是这些进步属于一个私人垄断企业,而私人垄断企来使用公共资源进行研发。而这正真正的担忧所在。因此,选项D为正确答案, the monopoly of big data by tech giants对应原文中的a private monopoly。
35、【答案】[B] cautious
【解析】态度题。本题考查作者对本文主题“将人工智能应用于医疗健康”的态度。根据顺序性原则定位在最后一段。该段倒数第三句话指出“我们目前依然处于这一改革的前期,并且任何小的选择都会对未来产生深远的影响”,其中“still”一词,以及“small”(小)和“gigantic”(巨大的)对比,都体现出了作者对待整个事件是小心谨慎的态度,因此[B] cautious为正确答案。
Text 4
36、【答案】[B] its rigid management
【解析】根据题干判断本题考查因果细节。第一段的前三句都是有关USPS的具体数字,属于细节信息。第四句出现many reasons很多原因。紧接着下面就有fundamentally根本原因是, 所以定位在第一段的最后一句。然后分析这个长难句,USPS 处在squeeze between 1 and 2,中,1是technological change, 2是structure. 2的structure后定语从句:denies management flexibility 对应选项B: rigid management。
【干扰项分析】:选项A,budget文中未有涉及。 选项C,虽然有提到technological ,原文technological change 后的定语从句说的是:技术改革降低需求,并没有提到cost成本问题。选项D,the withdrawal of bank support 银行支持撤销了,原文并没有提及银行支持,直接排除。
37、【答案】[A] the interference from interest groups
【解析】 根据题干due to,判断本题考查因果细节。根据题干关键词:USPS fails to modernize 定位到原文第二段最后一句,在这句前leaving,留下,导致这个结果,往前找原因,前一句提到reform legislation, 而且这句前还有this is why,只要找到代词this指代就可以判断选项。代词往前推,根据这句主干interest groups exerts pressure on Congress选择选项A,interference 对应 exert pressure on。
【干扰项分析】选项B,the inadequate funding from Congress,原文虽然有提到Congress国会,the aspect of status quo get protected, 国会保护USPS,并没有提及inadequate funding基金不足。选项C,the shrinking demand for postal service 邮政需求缩减,文中没有提及。选项D, the incompetence of postal unions 邮政工会的不作为。文章有提到工会,但是只提他们是属于Interest groups,并没有提到无作为。
38、【答案】[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
【解析】 因果细节题。根据38题题干The long-standing complaint by the ....回文定位到第3段,最后一句:“ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus....” .再根据题干中“ can be addressed by” 即:通过哪种方式解决,此处为解题要点,通过哪种方式来解决,前后明显为结果与途径的关系,即可理解为因果关系。文章此句后半句正是题干,thus前半句为答案The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。与 A. B . C .D 四个选项匹配后,正确答案为 A removing its burden of retiree health care。
39、【答案】[C] discontent
【解析】根据题干可以判断本题为观点态度题。回文定位到最后一段。题干“the author seems to view legislators with”, 具体定位到最后一段倒数第2句:“ The emerging.....is a sign that legislators are getting frightened.......” 再根据题干,问作者最终态度,本段最后一句,转折句是作者最终的态度:“ It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about....” , 即作者认为他们并没有认真对待。所以此处作者态度为否定。匹配A B C D 四个选项 只有C discontent( 不满)为负向信息,所以为正确答案。
40、【答案】[D] The Postal Service Needs more than a Band-Aid
【解析】根据题干特征词“best title”,这是一道主旨题。根据前四道题问的主题,第一道题和第二道题是USPS出现了问题,并分析原因,第三道题给出解决方法,第四道题提到作者对于这个方法的态度,即提出问题—分析问题—解决问题,并在最后给出作者对这个解决方案的评价。根据这个文章框架,首先A选项“USPS开始错过了它的好时光”,这只是提出问题,相对片面;B选项“USPS:不要动我的奶酪”, 这是拒绝解决问题的态度,不符合文章的写作思路;C选项“USPS:慢性病需要快方法”,这个chronic和quick都没有在文中提到;D选项“USPS需要的不仅仅是权宜之计”,这说的其实作者对于解决方案的评价,在文章最后一段。这段最后结尾有But,有however, “it[指代前文讲的方法] is not a sign……”,对此作者表示否定态度。所以D选项为正确答案。
Part B
41、【答案】 [E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB) commands a…
【解析】 E段首先介绍EEOB的全称,对全文进行概述提出话题,可选为41题答案。同时,从给定选项C第一句提到the State, War,and Navy Building…,the在此特指,可以作为另一一个线索,在E选项中最后一句,复现了the State, War,and Navy Building...。故41题答案选E。
42、【答案】[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its…
【解析】C选项最后一句谈到了many historic events(建筑内呈现了历史事件),而G选项第一句提到了the history of the EEOB…(EEOB的历史...),意思一致,承上启下,故42题答案选G。
43、【答案】[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed…
【解析】确定G后,根据G选项最后一句,...the demolition of the State Department Building(谈到拆除the State Department Building), 而A选项中谈到了select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department,建立一个新的State Department Building,前后意思顺接,故43题答案选A。
44、【答案】[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing…
【解析】 根据给定的F段,首句是段落大意,该句提到了...as the building slowly rose wing by wing(该建筑逐翼展开). 而B选项第一句谈到了...south wing was the first to be occupied(首先坐落在南翼),然后在B选项最后一句又谈到...moved into the east wing(之后又移至东翼). 先在F段总起,再在B段中分说,前后对应,故44题答案选B.
45、【答案】[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures…
【解析】 B段结尾处谈到了where elaborate wall…decorated the office of the Secretary(这些精美的墙....装饰了秘书处的办公室),而D段第一句提到了...that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls(历史事件在这些EEOB的墙上呈现), the wall原词复现,两句话意思一致,故45题答案选D。
Section III Translation
(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
【题目考点】代词还原;并列结构
【句子结构】and并列两个句子,主干分别为:…Europe was witnessing the passing … and the creation of …;of the religious drama为定语修饰the passing;under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy为状语
【重点词汇】witness 见证 religious宗教的 drama戏剧 incentive刺激
【参考译文】莎士比亚出生之时,欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝,在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下,很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。
(47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
【题目考点】定语从句;宾语从句;并列结构
【句子结构】主句主干:no boy… could be ignorant that…。who引导的定语从句修饰boy, that引导为形容词ignorant的宾语从句,which引导的定语从句修饰a form of literature, gave…and might bring honor…为先行词a form of literature的并列谓语结构。
【重点词汇】grammar school 文法学校 ignorant忽视 literature文学 glory 荣耀
【参考译文】任何文法学校的学生都知道戏剧是一种文学形式,它曾给希腊和罗马带来荣耀,也许同样会给英格兰带来殊荣。
(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
【题目考点】并列句
【句子结构】并列句主干分别为:…companies prospered … and university men …were quick to…
【重点词汇】professional 专业的 prosper繁荣 permanent theater永久性剧院
【参考译文】但是专业公司的永久性剧院却兴旺起来,于是高校一些有着文学抱负的人迅速抓住机遇,将其作为一个谋生手段。
(49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
【题目考点】伴随状语,并列结构,被动语态
【句子结构】本句是一个由and连接的并列句。and前的句子主干为一个被动语态的简单句:a … drama had been created, with引导一个伴随状语;and后的句子也为一个被动语态的简单句:some of its great traditions had been begun。
【重点词汇】alliance作为名词意为“联盟,联合;联姻”,常与介词with进行搭配使用。establish作为动词意为“建立,创办”,也可引申为“诞生”。at least为固定搭配,表示“至少”。tradition作为名词表示“传统,惯例”。
【参考译文】一种本土文学戏剧形式诞生了,它与公共剧院结成联盟,至少它的一些优良传统开始登上历史舞台了。
(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【题目考点】非谓语,宾语从句,定语从句
【句子结构】本句结构较为复杂,主句部分为“we must remember…”,主句之前的非谓语to realize作为目的状语,后接了一个how引导的宾语从句。主句中,两个that分别引导了两个remember的宾语从句,其中第二个宾语从句中,有一个whose引导的定语从句,修饰author of note。
【重点词汇】realize作为动词表示“实现,了解,认识到”。dramatic为drama的形容词形式,意思为“戏剧的,引人注目的,激动人心的”。survive作为动词表示“幸存,活下来;比…活得长”。hosts of表示“大量的”。
【参考译文】为了了解戏剧性活动有多么伟大,我们必须牢记大量的戏剧已经被遗忘了,并且有可能没有一位知名作家的所有作品都保留了下来。
Section IV Writing
51.【参考范文】
Dear professors,
I, on behalf of the Students’ Union, am writing this letter to invite all of you to attend the graduation ceremony.
The ceremony will be held in the Sports Hall of our university on this Friday morning, from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. The details about the ceremony are as follows. First and foremost, the president will make a speech for the graduates, blessing them to have a bright future. In addition, several experts will be invited to issuing certificates to all the graduates.
It would be a great honor for us to have the accompany of all of you in the graduation ceremony. Therefore, we all hope that you can spare your time to attend it and we are looking forward to your reply to tell us whether you can attend it or not on that day.
Your sincerely,
Li Ming
52.【参考范文】
Exhibited in the cartoon is a sarcastic scene that sitting before a computer, a college student is choosing his optional class, wondering and pondering whether he should choose an easier course or a tougher but creative course. Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning it conveys is profound and thought-provoking.
It is beyond doubt that the painter aims to tell us that everyone, especially college students, should have the spirit of creation and innovation. To put it another way, innovation is an essential and indispensable role for anyone who wants to succeed. This can be directly attributed to the fact that one may be caught in dilemma, at least once in life. Such a dilemma may coincidentally be most difficult period in his life. Then there are two choices before him: making a creative choice or an easier one. If he chooses the former and tries to break through the barrier, difficult as it will be, success will be the result one day. However, although it seems to be much easier for him at the moment, the latter choice may kill off his dream and ambition, and such choice then will be a pity all his life.
As college student, definitely, we are facing or will face many difficulties. At such moment, we should bear in mind that creation is a necessary and indispensable quality in our life, a positive attitude to life and an approach to success. Keep the spirit of innovation, and we will win a better life.
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